Direct and Indirect in Future, Future continuous, and Imperative

Future

If the direct sentence has the Verb Reporting in the form of Simple Present Tense, Future Tense or Present Perfect Tense, it will be converted into an indirect sentence, eating Reported Word has not changed the form of tenses.

A. Simple Present Tense remains Simple Present Tense.

- Anis will say, "I have no money"

  Anis will say that she has no money.

B. The Present Continuous Tense remains Present Continuous Tense

- He will say, "They are working hard"

  He will say that they are working hard.

Future Continuous

Future continuous tense or future progressive tense is a verb form used to declare actions that will take place at any given time in the future. The action has started but not finished yet

Type of sentence	Formula	Future Continuous Tense
positif (+)	S + will be + V1-ing/present participle	He will be sleeping
		You and I will be walking
negatif (-)	S + will + not + be + V1-ing/present participle	He will not be sleeping
		You and I won’t be walking
interogatif (?)	Will + S + be + V1-ing/present participle	Will he be sleeping
		Will you and I be walking

Imperative

Imperative using the first verb (verb 1), here we only use verb verb 1 (infinitive)

Verb 1 + Object

• Direct Speech : Miftah said, “cut the paper into two side and fold like me!”
  Indirect Speech : Miftah said to cut the paper into two side and fold like him

• Direct Speech : Mr. Fairiz said me, “ Take me a cup of tea, now!”
  Indirect Speech : Mr. Fairiz said me to Take him a cup of tea, then

Imperatives that use the auxiliary verb "TO BE" here we use only "BE"

Be + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb

1.      Direct Speech : My mother said me, “Be my good daughter when I leave you alone at home!”

Indirect Speech : My mother said me to Be her good daughter when she left me alone at home!”

2.      Speech: I say it, "Shut up!".

Indirect Speech: I said it to be silent

Direct and Indirect speech Past perfect and Past Simple

Direct and Indirect Speech, also known as Reported Speech. Direct Speect is a sentence spoken directly by the speaker and if it is written it will be quoted. While Indirect Speech is a sentence that we report to others indirectly and without commas.

Past Perfect :

Present perfect continuous tense becomes past perfect tense.

If direct speech using present continuous tense then indirect speech using past perfect tense.

Direct : He said “We have been living here for three years”.
Indirect : He said that they had been living there for three years.

Present perfect tense becomes past perfect tense.

If direct speech uses present perfect tense then indirect speech uses past perfect tense.

Direct : John said”I have finished doing my reports”.
Indirect : John said that he had finished doing his reports

Past Simple :

Simple past become past perfect tense. 

If the speech directly using simple past tense then the conversation does not directly use the past perfect tense.

Direct : He said “I went to school yesterday”.
Indirect : He said that he had gone to school the day before.

Question tags

Question tags are the short questions that we put on the end of sentences – particularly in spoken English. There are lots of different question tags but the rules are not difficult to learn.

Positive/negative

If the main part of the sentence is positive, the question tag is negative ….

·         He’s a doctor, isn’t he?

·         You work in a bank, don’t you?

... and if the main part of the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive.

·         You haven’t met him, have you?

·         She isn’t coming, is she?

With auxiliary verbs

The question tag uses the same verb as the main part of the sentence. If this is an auxiliary verb (‘have’, ‘be’) then the question tag is made with the auxiliary verb.

·         They’ve gone away for a few days, haven’t they?

·         They weren’t here, were they?

·         He had met him before, hadn’t he?

·         This isn’t working, is it?

Without auxiliary verbs

If the main part of the sentence doesn’t have an auxiliary verb, the question tag uses an appropriate form of ‘do’.

·         I said that, didn’t I?

·         You don’t recognise me, do you?

·         She eats meat, doesn’t she?

With modal verbs

If there is a modal verb in the main part of the sentence the question tag uses the same modal verb.

·         They couldn’t hear me, could they?

·         You won’t tell anyone, will you?

With ‘I am’

Be careful with question tags with sentences that start ‘I am’. The question tag for ‘I am’ is ‘aren’t I?’

·         I’m the fastest, aren’t I?

Intonation

Question tags can either be ‘real’ questions where you want to know the answer or simply asking for agreement when we already know the answer.

If the question tag is a real question we use rising intonation. Our tone of voice rises.
If we already know the answer we use falling intonation. Our tone of voice falls.

Determiner

General and specific determiners.

Determiners are words which come at the beginning of the noun phrase. They tell us whether the noun phrase is specific or general. Determiners are either specific or general

Specific determiners

The specific determiners are:

·         the definite article: the

·         possessives: my, your, his, her, its; our, their, whose

·         demonstratives: this, that, these, thos

EXAMPLE

1.      He is looking for a job in Bali.

2.      Please give me a little water.

3.      All your books are on the table.

4.      May I have another shoes?

5.      Those apples are so red.

6.      Your jacket is in the laundry basket.

7.      Did he enjoy the show?

Have Something Done, Casuative Verb

These structures are used when someone employs another person to do an action. I will begin with the two main forms, some examples, and then look at some forms that are similar in structure but very different in meaning.

Structures

Someone + have + something + past participle (by someone)

Sam had his hair cut (by a hairdresser).

Someone + have + someone + verb + something

Sam had a hairdresser cut his hair.

Function and Points to Note

When we use these structures we are saying that Sam wanted a hair cut. He did not cut his hair but he employed/ asked another person to do the action.

It is also possible to replace have with get: Sam got his hair cut.

The verb have is changed to give the tense. e.g. Has for present simple, had for past simple etc

In the first structure above, it is most common to not use by someone.

We must be careful to use the correct verb form. Note that in the first structure the past participle is used and in the second the bare infinitive form of the verb is used. It is difficult to see this in my example because I have used an irregular verb. Please see the examples that follow.

Examples

The director has his appointments arranged by his secretary.

The director has his secretary arrange his appointments.

The lady has had her car cleaned.

The lady has had a valet clean her car.

The businessman will have his suit cleaned at the weekend.

The businessman will have a dry-cleaner clean his suit at the weekend.

Similar Structures

You should be careful with structures that look similar but have very different meanings.

Sam had cut his hair.

This sentece is in Past Perfect. In this sentence, Sam cut his hair himself.

Sam had to cut his hair.

In this sentence, it was necessary for Sam to cut his hair. He cut it himself.

You Should

Find the translation or equivenant structure in your own language.

Try some sections from a grammar practice book.

Write examples that are true for you in different tenses.

Direct and Indirect speech

Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation.

Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.

She said, "I saw him." (direct speech) = She said that she had seen him. (indirect speech)

'That' may be omitted:
She told him that she was happy. = She told him she was happy.

'SAY' AND 'TELL'

Use 'say' when there is no indirect object:
He said that he was tired.

Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. with an indirect object):
He told me that he was tired.

'TALK' AND 'SPEAK'

Use these verbs to describe the action of communicating:
He talked to us.
She was speaking on the telephone.

Use these verbs with 'about' to refer to what was said:
He talked (to us) about his parents.

SO, SUCH AND THIRD CONDITIONAL

SO and SUCH often have the same meaning : 'very' or 'to this degree'.

So is used before an adjective or an adverb (without a noun after it):

§  so big

§  so carefully

Such is followed by 'a' or 'an', + an adjective + a singular noun : 

§  such a long time

§  such an incredible story

Such is used without a, an before plural nouns, mass nouns (luggage, furniture)
and abstract nouns (advice, courage, generosity, kindness ... )

§  such fools

§  such (beautiful) furniture

§  such generosity

Compare the following sentences:

§  This book is so interesting.

§  This is such an interesting book.

§  Such interesting books are hard to find.

§  I was amazed that the crowd was so big.

§  I was amazed that there was such a big crowd.

§  Such big crowds can be frightening.

§  The story was so complicated.

§  It was such a complicated story.

§  Such complicated stories are difficult to follow.

§  You are so intelligent.

§  You are such an intelligent person.

§  A person of such intelligence is a pleasure to meet.

So ... that and such ... that are used to describe reasons and results.
So + adjective + that :
◊ The hotel was so comfortable that we decided to stay another night. 
Such + adjective + noun + that :
◊ It's such a comfortable hotel that we'll definitely stay there again. 

We can use the Third Conditional to talk about 'impossible' conditions, impossible because they are in the past and we cannot change what has happened.

·         If I had worked harder at school, I would have got better grades.

·         If I had had time, I would have gone to see him. But I didn't have time.

·         If we had bought that house, we would have had to rebuild the kitchen.

·         If we had caught the earlier train, we would have got there on time but we were late.

Notice that the main clause can contain 'would', 'could' or 'might.

·         If I had seen him at the meeting, I would have asked him. (But he wasn't there so I didn't.)

·         If I had seen him at the meeting, I could have asked him. ( But he wasn't there so it wasn't possible.)

·         If I had seen him at the meeting, I might have asked him. (But I'm not sure. Perhaps if the opportunity had arisen.)

·         If I had paid more attention in class, I would have understood the lesson.

Also notice that sometimes the 'if clause' is implied rather than spoken.

·         I'd have done it. ("if you had asked me but you didn't.")

·         I wouldn't have said that. ("if I'd been there.")

·         He wouldn't have let him get away with that. ("if he had tried that with me.")